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How does a phone charger work?
A box the size of your palm turns 230 V into a safe 5 V for your phone. Tap the blocks and follow the energy; then try "Find the fault" to track down real faults by measuring.
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⚠ Safety: When opening a real adapter: everything in the red area is at mains voltage, and the input capacitor can stay charged after you unplug it. Discharge it first, and never touch it while plugged in.
Next step: Step 3How does a laptop adapter work?→